Major International Business Headlines Brief::: 04 March 2025

[Bulls n Bears]

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Major International Business Headlines Brief:::  04 March 2025 

 


 


 


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ü  South Africa: Cabinet Approves Reworked Budget

ü  Liberia: President Boakai Warns Officials With Presidential Ambitions to
Step Up or Step Aside Amid Inflation, Public Scrutiny, and U.S. Aid Cut

ü  Nigeria: How Nigeria Plans to End Illegal Mining - Minister

ü  Tunisia: Head of State Stresses Need to Shorten Procedures and Find New
Ways of Financing Projects

ü  Nigeria: Govt Okay N2.5bn Satellite Surveillance to Curb Illegal Mining

ü  Nigeria: 60% Manufacturers Forced Off-Grid Due to Unreliable Power Supply
- Minister

ü  Nigeria: Govt Insures Airports Assets for N1.097bn - Keyamo

ü  Nigeria: UK, Nigeria Strengthen Trade Ties On National Quality Policy

ü  Nigeria: Cash Crunch Triggers 171% Rise in Banks' Borrowings From CBN

ü  Nigeria, UN Agency Target $500m in Distributed Renewable Energy Fund

ü  Stock markets fall after US tariffs spark trade war fears

ü  'I will have to raise prices by 10%' - Toymakers warn of tariff pain

ü  Agency workers to get paid if shift cancelled at short notice

ü  Trump's tariffs risk economic turbulence - and voter backlash

 


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South Africa: Cabinet Approves Reworked Budget

The 2025 budget has been approved after intense deliberations and was
finalized following efforts by a team led by Deputy President Paul
Mashatile, supported by the National Treasury,   reports IOL.

 

Finance Minister Enoch Godongwana was tasked with selecting funding options
that balance fiscal constraints, protect low- and middle-income households,
and support economic growth. The process was marked by tension, as Cabinet
members recognized the budget's far-reaching impact on South African
families.

 

Earlier proposals, including a 2% VAT increase, were rejected due to
concerns over their financial burden on citizens, prompting President Cyril
Ramaphosa to establish a ministerial team to refine the budget.

 

The budget had been postponed twice, with parties like the Democratic
Alliance opposing tax hikes, arguing they would strain South Africans
financially. Godongwana and the National Treasury are set to present the
finalized budget to Parliament on March 12.

 

 

 

 

Liberia: President Boakai Warns Officials With Presidential Ambitions to
Step Up or Step Aside Amid Inflation, Public Scrutiny, and U.S. Aid Cut

Monrovia — With just over a year into his presidency, President Joseph Nyuma
Boakai appears increasingly impatient with his administration's efforts to
deliver on its promises. At his first Cabinet meeting in 2025, President
Boakai reaffirmed his commitment to a governance system centered on national
development, accountability, and urgent reforms.

 

As part of this agenda, he ordered a full-scale investigation into several
unresolved cases of mysterious deaths, including the disappearance of two
missing boys, the deaths of multiple auditors, and other high-profile cases
of national concern.

 

"The Liberian people deserve answers," President Boakai declared. "No case
will be ignored. We will bring closure to these tragedies and ensure justice
is served."

 

 

The President has instructed law enforcement agencies to expedite their
investigations, collaborate with international partners if necessary, and
provide regular updates to the public. He emphasized that his administration
will not tolerate impunity and is committed to full transparency.

 

Boakai's Key Priorities

 

Beyond these investigations, President Boakai outlined his administration's
top priorities, calling for immediate action in several critical areas
including "Economic Strengthening & Public Financial Management" that calls
for closing loopholes, eliminating wasteful government spending, and
promoting fiscal discipline.

 

On infrastructure and road connectivity, President Boakai called for
fast-tracking infrastructure projects, particularly in the southeastern
region, to improve accessibility and spur economic growth.

 

On youth employment - implementing innovative solutions to tackle youth
unemployment and create opportunities for young people to contribute to
national development.

 

For airport security and mineral smuggling the President called for
strengthening security at Roberts International Airport (RIA) following
reports of illegal mineral trafficking.

 

On accountability and governance - Ensuring all pending cases of corruption
and mismanagement are thoroughly investigated.

 

Additionally, the President issued specific directives for immediate action
covering the General Services Agency (GSA), with a mandate to upgrade the
front of the Ministerial Complex to meet international standards.

 

He instructed that streetlights across Monrovia must be fully operational,
not just decorative; immediate action must be taken to support and empower
the National AIDS Commission to better serve Liberia's HIV-affected
population.

 

President Boakai stressed that these directives are not suggestions but
mandates and expects his Cabinet to act decisively and swiftly.

 

"The time for talk is over. The Liberian people expect results, and we must
deliver," he warned.

 

Warning to Presidential Hopefuls

 

A key highlight of the meeting came when President Boakai addressed
speculation about potential presidential ambitions within his
administration.

 

"If your focus is on 2029, you may respectfully resign. My priority is
serving the Liberian people--right now... The time for talk is over, he
said.

 

Boakai came to power with the support of several political parties and
independent candidates, rewarding many allies with key positions in his
government. However, with some high-profile officials rumored to be eyeing
the 2029 elections, FrontPage Africa examines some potential contenders.

 

Vice President Jeremiah Kpan Koung

 

It is no secret that Vice President Jeremiah Kpan Koung is positioning
himself as a strong contender for the presidency in 2029. At 80 years old,
President Boakai is unlikely to seek re-election, making Koung a leading
candidate within the Unity Party-led government.

 

Koung, in his mid-40s, has built a solid political track record. A former
businessman, he entered politics in 2011 as the Representative for Nimba
County District #1. In 2020, he won a Senate seat and later became Vice
President in 2023. Notably, he has never lost a national election, and with
Nimba being a vote-rich county, he is expected to be a formidable force in
2029.

 

Reports indicate that Koung is already laying the groundwork for a future
bid, focusing on Nimba County, where he is creating opportunities for young
people in both government and the private sector. He has also been offering
scholarships in Liberia and abroad. Additionally, he was instrumental in
advocating for a policy that allows motorcyclists to operate in previously
restricted areas, a move that analysts say was aimed at strengthening his
rapport with a key voting bloc.

 

Foreign Minister Sarah Beysolow-Nyanti

 

Madam Sarah Beysolow-Nyanti has an impressive background as a seasoned
United Nations diplomat, having held high-ranking positions in multiple
countries, including South Sudan. After retiring from the UN, she ventured
into politics, running for president in 2023 as the standard-bearer of the
African Liberation League. Following the first round of elections, she
endorsed former Vice President Boakai in the runoff, solidifying her
influence in his administration.

 

As Foreign Minister, Beysolow-Nyanti has been instrumental in strengthening
Liberia's diplomatic ties. Given her experience and growing political
stature, observers believe she could emerge as a serious contender for the
presidency if President Boakai decides not to seek re-election.

 

MacDella Cooper

 

Cooper, a former model who transitioned into politics in 2017, has long been
a figure in Liberia's political scene. She was one of 20 candidates in the
2017 presidential race and, though she did not win, she has remained active
in politics. As the political leader of the Movement for One Liberia (MOL),
Cooper endorsed the presidential bid of the then-standard bearer of Unity
Party, Joseph Boakai.

 

Cooper is reportedly eyeing the 2029 presidential election, especially if
Boakai does not run for re-election. With one of Boakai's key advisors,
Cooper is positioning herself as both a potential contender or a significant
political ally in the upcoming race.

 

Cllr. Cooper Kruah

 

Cllr. Kruah, the National Chairman of the Movement for Democracy and
Reconstruction (MDR) Party, has also played a crucial role in Liberian
politics. Currently serving as the Minister of Labour, Kruah is emerging as
a key political player who could potentially influence the 2029 election,
especially if Boakai does not seek re-election.

 

Kruah last week showed his political clout by leading a delegation to
endorse Samuel Kogar, the MDR's candidate for the upcoming Nimba County
senatorial by-election. Kruah has also expressed strong support for Vice
President Jeremiah Koung's potential presidential run.

 

During a recent funeral service for the late Nimba County Senator Prince
Johnson, Kruah reaffirmed the MDR's commitment to its alliance with Boakai's
government. As the by-election approaches, Kruah is focused on ensuring
Kogar's victory, which could further solidify his political influence in the
county.

 

Dr. Emmanuel K. Urey-Yarkpawolo

 

Dr. Urey-Yarkpawolo, a former representative candidate for Bong County's
fourth district, shocked many when he shifted his focus to become the
running mate for the Liberia People's Party (LPP) presidential candidate in
the 2023 elections. His decision paid off, as his party's support for Boakai
in the runoff election helped Boakai secure victory.

 

Currently serving as the Executive Director of the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), Dr. Urey-Yarkpawolo's direct involvement in the 2029
presidential race remains uncertain.

 

However, if LPP's political leader, Tiawon Gongloe, decides to contest in
2029, Urey-Yarkpawolo's long standing political ties with Gongloe could
position him as an influential figure behind the scenes.

 

Cornelius Kruah

 

Cornelius, who has twice run unsuccessfully for the District 13
representative seat, is another key political figure whose ambitions could
play a role in the 2029 election.

 

Like her father, Cooper Kruah, Cornelius is a strong supporter of Vice
President Jeremiah Koung's potential presidential bid. She is reportedly
heading a group of women from both the Unity Party (UP) and Nimba County to
advocate for Koung's candidacy.

 

Cornelius' close ties to the Unity Party, combined with her status in Nimba,
position her as a key figure to watch in the coming years for Vice President
Koung.

 

Edward Appleton

 

Appleton, the current Liberian Ambassador to Japan and a member of the
Grassroots Development Movement (GDM), made a strong debut in politics in
2023, finishing third in the presidential race. His performance was notable,
as he managed to surpass well-known figures such as Alexander Cummings and
Tiawon Gongloe, securing 40,271 votes, or 2.20% of the total vote.

 

Appleton's support for Boakai during the runoff election played a key role
in Boakai's victory, and although he currently holds an ambassadorial post,
he is rumored to be preparing for a political comeback in the 2029
presidential race. While it is unclear whether he will run for president,
Appleton's growing influence and political strategy indicate that he could
be a contender in the future.

 

Augustine Ngafuan

 

Liberia's current Finance Minister, Ngafuan, is one of the top Unity Party
partisans reportedly being considered as a potential presidential candidate
in 2029 if President Boakai does not seek re-election.

 

Ngafuan has been actively galvanizing support within the Unity Party and is
seen as someone who could unite the party behind his candidacy.

 

Ngafuan's presidential ambitions are not new. In 2017, he resigned from his
position as Foreign Minister to become an active player in the presidential
elections but ultimately supported Boakai's bid.

 

As the 2029 election draws closer, it is expected that Ngafuan will further
solidify his position within the Unity Party and prepare for a potential
run, although the full extent of his intentions remains to be seen.

 

What's Next?

 

With several key officials harboring presidential ambitions, Boakai's
warning may serve as both a challenge and a test of loyalty. As Liberia
grapples with economic challenges, public scrutiny, and the recent U.S. aid
cut, his administration faces mounting pressure to deliver tangible results.

 

Whether these officials heed the President's call to focus on governance--or
continue positioning themselves for 2029--remains to be seen.

 

Read the original article on FrontPageAfrica.

 

 

 

 

Nigeria: How Nigeria Plans to End Illegal Mining - Minister

The minister revealed that the project's benefits are numerous, including
combating unregulated mining activities, unlicensed mining operators, and
underreporting of production at mining sites.

 

The Nigerian government has approved N2.5 billion to procure satellite
surveillance gadgets to combat illegal mining activities in the country.

 

The Minister of Solid Minerals Development, Dele Alake, said the project is
expected to take off within a maximum timeline of one month.

 

Speaking to State House correspondents after Monday's Federal Executive
Council meeting, the minister revealed that the project's benefits are
numerous, including combating unregulated mining activities, unlicensed
mining operators, and underreporting of production at mining sites.

 

 

"We are procuring satellite equipment, satellite gadgets that will be
installed in strategic places all over the country that would enable us to
have a visual effect, real-time of the operations that are ongoing in sites
all over the country.

 

"There will be a centre like a screen in the operation centre, the mines
martial centre, and in my office as well.

 

"At a glance, at the click of a button, you can surf any mine site and see
the operations there; the volume of the mineral extracted, the number of
trucks going out, and, of course, the security situation in the
environment," the Minister said.

 

Loss of revenue

 

Mr Alake estimated that the country has lost trillions of Naira to illegal
mining activities , but assured that the satellite project is also expected
to generate significant revenue for the government.

 

The minister noted that the revenue lost to illegal gold mining is
"humongous" adding that illegal miners take advantage of Nigeria's vast
territory, which is almost impossible to control in its entirety. He said
the solution is to "introduce technological gadgets that can enable us to
see what's going on, even in the remotest parts of the country."

 

In addition to the satellite project, Mr Alake said the government is also
setting up the Nigerian Mining Corporation, which will be substantially
controlled by the private sector.

 

The corporation's equity structure will be divided into 50% for the private
sector, 25% for the government, and 25% for individuals.

 

"The President has also graciously approved the appointment of the CEO of
that company. And his name is Martins Imoniti. He was headhunted from
Australia. Australia is one of the biggest mining countries in the world,
and from Western Australia, particularly, he has been in the finance sector
of mining in Australia.

 

"So all the big players in the region and the mining in the world are at his
tips, and we had to headhunt him to come and take off the Nigerian minerals
corporation. So it's going on very, very well. In fact, the Ministry of
Finance Incorporated (MORFI) is going to midwife it," he said.

 

State government interference

 

Mr Alake also addressed the issue of state interference in mining
activities.

 

He said the federal government has the exclusive authority to regulate
mining activities, however, the government is willing to accommodate the
states and has encouraged them to form special purpose vehicles to apply for
mining licenses.

 

"I've had a meeting with the governors at their Secretariat here, organised
by the chairman of the governor's forum, the governor of Kwara. 32 of them
were present there, and I had a very robust exchange with them.

 

"We want to accommodate everybody. So i announced to the governors that.
Look, you have this land, you have the minerals situated in your various
states. Now, what stops you as a state from forming an SPV, a special
purpose vehicle, like a company, to apply for a mining license of a site in
your own state, and I will approve to get them involved, give them a sense
of belonging," he said.

 

Mr Alake said the government has also taken steps to address illegal mining
activities.

 

He said both local and foreign illegal miners have been arrested and
prosecuted.

 

"The mine marshals had in the last couple of months apprehended over 320
illegal operators. Out of this, about 150 are undergoing prosecution as we
speak and about nine have been convicted fully, while about four foreigners
have also been convicted fully. So the work is going on pari passu with the
technology that we want to introduce," he said.

 

Read the original article on Premium Times.

 

 

 

Tunisia: Head of State Stresses Need to Shorten Procedures and Find New Ways
of Financing Projects

Tunis, March 4 — President Kais Saïed met on Monday evening at Carthage
Palace Minister of Employment and Vocational Training, Riadh Chaoued and
Secretary of State to the Minister of Employment and Vocational Training in
charge of communitarian companies, Hasna Jiballah.

 

During the meeting, the President of the Republic emphasised the need to
streamline procedures and explore new ways to finance projects, particularly
those proposed by young people, to establish this category of companies,
according to a Presidency statement.

 

The Head of State pointed out that what is happening today is neither normal
nor innocent, as a number of projects are being blocked for flimsy reasons
or with the aim of blocking other projects, in addition to attempts to
minimise and marginalise them.

 

President Kais Saied issued instructions to move forward, facilitate
procedures, and confront all the desperate attempts mentioned, which are
driven by regressive forces linked to known circles whose only goal is to
monopolise national wealth.

 

He stressed that this wealth belongs to the Tunisian people, as stipulated
in the Constitution, and that communitarian companies have the potential to
transform all regions of the Republic into sources of wealth.

 

Tunisia is rich in all kinds of resources and blessings, and their benefits
should be reaped by their creators while benefiting everyone.

 

Read the original article on Tunis Afrique Presse.

 

 

 

 

Nigeria: Govt Okay N2.5bn Satellite Surveillance to Curb Illegal Mining

The quest by the federal government to control gold deposits in the country
is being constrained by political, social and cultural sensitivities, the
Minister of Solid Minerals Development, Dele Alake, has said.

 

The minister, who said the government was losing trillions of naira to
unregulated and illegal mining activities, disclosed that the Federal
Executive Council (FEC) had approved N2.5 billion for the procurement of an
integrated solution framework to combat illegal and unregulated mining
activities.

 

Addressing journalists after the FEC meeting at the Presidential Villa,
Abuja, on Monday, Alake noted that even though mineral resources are
exclusively under the purview of the federal government, states continue to
exert influence over mining activities.

 

 

He disclosed that his ministry had opted for dialogue and collaboration with
state governors rather than confrontation, saying many governors were
initially unaware of the constitutional framework governing mining, but have
now been engaged through discussions facilitated by the Nigeria Governors'
Forum (NGF).

 

"I have met the governors. I've had a meeting with 32 of them at their
secretariat, organised by the Chairman of the Nigeria Governors' Forum, the
governor of Kwara. Some of them feigned ignorance of this constitutional
separation of powers, even though they have attorney generals," he stated.

 

To ease tensions and encourage state participation, the federal government
has offered states an alternative through Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) -
state-owned companies that can apply for mining licences.

 

"I announced to the governors that they could form an SPV to apply for a
mining license in their own state, and I will approve it. This way, they
feel a sense of belonging, and it is a win-win situation for the federal
government, the states, and host communities," the minister said.

 

On security concerns, Alake noted that states must collaborate with federal
authorities in addressing illegal mining and related criminal activities.

 

He disclosed that the federal government has been working closely with the
National Security Adviser (NSA), Malam Nuhu Ribadu and the Ministry of
Defence to curb illegal mining operations.

 

"There have been cases of interference by states in mining activities. If
there is an infraction in a state, the governor must consult us before
taking action. We investigate and either act directly or authorise the state
to act under federal cover," he explained.

 

The minister also highlighted efforts to combat illegal mining, explaining
that 320 illegal operators have been apprehended in recent months.

 

Out of these, about 150 are currently facing prosecution, while nine have
been convicted, adding that four foreign nationals involved in illegal
mining have been prosecuted and convicted.

 

Alake also told journalists that the council has approved N2.5 billion for
the procurement of an integrated solution framework to combat illegal and
unregulated mining activities across the country.

 

He said the approval would fund the deployment of satellite surveillance
technology to monitor mining activities in real-time.

 

"We are procuring satellite equipment that will be installed in strategic
locations nationwide. This will allow us to have a visual, real-time view of
mining operations across the country, enabling us to track extraction
volumes, monitor truck movements, and assess security situations at mining
sites", he stated.

 

According to Alake, "We have successfully persuaded over 300 illegal mining
groups to form cooperative societies. Now, they are fully legalised,
structured and contributing meaningfully to the nation's revenue," Alake
revealed.

 

Read the original article on Daily Trust.

 

 

 

 

Nigeria: 60% Manufacturers Forced Off-Grid Due to Unreliable Power Supply -
Minister

The Minister of Power, Adebayo Adelabu, has alerted that more than 60
percent of manufacturing companies in Nigeria have been forced to exit the
national grid due to unreliable power supply, and have resulted in
self-generation of power which have driven production costs and made
Nigerian goods uncompetitive.

 

Adelabu disclosed during the release of a National Integrated Electricity
Policy (NIEP) and the public presentation of the Integrated Resource Plan
(IRP) was also made public, in collaboration with the United Kingdom Nigeria
Infrastructure Advisory Facility (UKNIAF).

 

He said that the launching of the new policy will help to drive the
transformation of Nigeria's power industry and ensure the return of the
manufacturing firms which had exited the national grid. According to him,
the new policy document had been submitted for the approval of the Federal
Executive Council (FEC).

 

 

The minister emphasized that bringing back the manufacturing companies that
left the national grid on board is the only way the government can drive the
expected economic growth and national development.

 

He stated: "Today, more than 60 percent of our manufacturing industry is
completely off-grid. They engage in self-generation, not because they are in
rural areas or they are in semi-urban areas, they are in locations where
there is access to electricity.

 

"But how reliable is this access? We all know that there are a lot of
sensitive manufacturing processes that cannot tolerate a one-minute dip in
the electricity supply. Instead of taking such a risk by connecting to a
grid that is not reliable, these industries would rather go for
self-generation which is very expensive.

 

"Therefore, our products or commodities being turned out from these
factories can never be competitive. The only way we can allow this to
contribute to economic growth, industrialization, and national development
is to ensure that there is reliability in grid supply, so that all these
companies that are currently off-grid can go back to the grid, and this will
reduce their cost of production, it will reduce inflation, and our locally
manufactured goods can now compete with imported goods."

 

Adelabu estimated that an investment of $32.8 billion is needed in the power
sector between now and 2030 to enable the country to achieve universal
electricity access, adding that out of the amount, $17 billion is expected
from the public sector while about $15.8 billion will be contributed by the
private sector.

 

Nigeria's inability to supply and distribute sufficient electricity has left
many businesses at the mercy of generators powered by diesel and petrol,
whose prices have surged in recent months. This has added to the production
costs for manufacturers significantly and rendered their products
uncompetitive against imported products.

 

Recall that the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) had raised the
alarm that manufacturers in the country spend about 40 percent of their
total production costs on generating energy for their businesses.

 

MAN put the annual economic loss caused by the inadequate power supply at
N10 trillion, accounting for almost two percent of the country's Gross
Domestic Product.

 

President of MAN, Francis Meshioye, noted that manufacturers were hit hard
last year with "a drastic rise in electricity tariffs, with rates increasing
by over 250 percent".

 

According to him, the surge in energy costs "became one of the highest
operating expenses for businesses in the sector in 2024".

 

He lamented that this has forced many manufacturers to seek alternative
energy sources, further straining their financial resources and complicating
their ability to remain competitive.

 

Read the original article on Vanguard.

 

 

 

 

 

Nigeria: Govt Insures Airports Assets for N1.097bn - Keyamo

Abuja — The federal government said yesterday it has secured an insurance
policy for all the airport's assets in the country at the cost of N1.097
billion.

 

The Minister of Aviation and Aerospace Development, Festus Keyamo, SAN,
disclosed this while briefing journalists after the Federal Executive
Council, FEC, meeting presided over by President Bola Tinubu at the
Presidential Villa, Abuja.

 

Keyamo stated that the approval was in tandem with a directive from the
Secretary to the Government of the Federation, SGF, mandating ministries,
departments, and agencies, MDAs, to insure critical government assets.

 

 

He explained that the measure was a key requirement for Nigeria's airports
to obtain certification from the International Civil Aviation Organization,
ICAO.

 

"This memo was prompted by the President because we cannot continue to run
our airports and critical assets, as precious and expensive as they are,
without insurance cover

 

"Most of these assets have remained uninsured for a long time. This approval
ensures both infrastructure and personnel of the Federal Airports Authority
of Nigeria, FAAN, are covered, in line with global best labor practices,"
Keyamo said.

 

The insurance contract, valued at ¦ 1,097,137,102.48 (inclusive of 7.5%
VAT), will be executed over a one-year period, commencing upon premium
payment by FAAN.

 

He explained that after a rigorous selection process, five leading Nigerian
insurance firms were chosen for the coverage.

 

He listed them to include Leadway Assurance Company Limited which serves as
the lead underwriters, while the four co-underwriters are Cornerstone
Insurance Plc, Linkage Assurance Plc, NEM Insurance Company and Anchor
Insurance Plc

 

He said: "So, this memo was prompted by the President, because we cannot
continue to run our airports and our critical assets, as precious and
expensive as they are, without insurance cover.

 

"Most of these things have remained without insurance for a long time. This
one does not only cover the assets but also the personnel of the Federal
Airports Authority of Nigeria, FAAN.

 

"Of course, you know that is in keeping with best labour practices that you
don't have a personnel working in such environment without insurance cover.
That has been done today for all the airports in Nigeria."

 

Read the original article on Vanguard.

 

 

 

 

 

Nigeria: UK, Nigeria Strengthen Trade Ties On National Quality Policy

The Federal Government and United Kingdom have reaffirmed their commitment
to strengthening trade relations and economic growth through the
implementation of Nigeria's National Quality Policy, NNQP, under the
Standards Partnership Programme, SPP, Phase II.

 

The SPP Phase II, which was officially launched in June 2024, with support
from the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office, FCDO, during the
African Organisation for Standards, ARSO, General Assembly in Abuja, is
designed for both countries to eliminate technical trade barriers, improve
regulatory compliance and promote export competitiveness.

 

 

Implemented by the British Standards Institution, BSI, in partnership with
Nigeria's National Quality Council, NQC, under the office of the Secretary
to the Government of the Federation, the SPP programme is designed to
deliver a robust quality infrastructure, focussed on improving
standardisation, accreditation, conformity assessment, inspection, testing,
and metrology services to boost UK/Nigeria's export capacity, attract
investment, and enhance trade efficiency that is aligned with global
standards.

 

At the Nigeria National Quality Policy (NNQP) Matrix Implementation
Training-of-Trainers Workshop which held last week in Lagos and Abuja,
stakeholders from both the public and private sectors convened to discuss
capacity building for quality compliance and the role of metrology in
ensuring accurate measurement, calibration and certification of goods.

 

Delivering his keynote address in Abuja at the week-long workshop on "The
Sustainable Provision of Metrology Services in Nigeria", the SGF, Senator
George Akume, emphasised Nigeria's commitment to ensuring quality-driven
economic growth.

 

He said: "A strong National Quality Infrastructure is essential for
Nigeria's economic diversification agenda. Improving our standards,
metrology, and accreditation systems can boost non-oil exports, create jobs,
and strengthen the naira. This partnership with the UK is a major step
forward in achieving these goals".

 

Echoing the same sentiment, Osita Aboloma, Chairman/Chief Executive of the
National Quality Council (NQC), welcomed the initiative, emphasising that
stakeholder collaboration is crucial in achieving Nigeria's quality and
trade goals.

 

"An effective quality infrastructure will not only support the federal
government's economic agenda but also enhance the competitiveness of
Nigerian products and services in global markets."

 

The importance of data-driven quality policy implementation was highlighted,
emphasising the role of metrology, accreditation, conformity assessments,
inspections and testing in ensuring that Nigerian exports meet international
standards, reducing rejections and improving market access.

 

Dr Simeon Umukoro, Trade Market Access Lead of the UK Department for
Business and Trade, reiterated the UK's unwavering support for Nigeria's
economic diversification and trade enhancement efforts in line with the UK
and Nigeria Enhanced Trade and Investment Partnership (ETIP).

 

"The UK and Nigeria remain strategic partners in trade and investment. By
improving Nigeria's national quality infrastructure, we are unlocking new
opportunities to drive innovation, competitiveness, and economic growth for
both nations," Umukoro said.

 

Read the original article on Vanguard.

 

 

 

 

 

Nigeria: Cash Crunch Triggers 171% Rise in Banks' Borrowings From CBN

In apparent reflection of liquidity constraints in the interbank money
market, banks' borrowing from the Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN, rose by 171
percent month-on-month (MoM) to N24.81 trillion in February 2025 from N9.15
trillion in January 2025.

 

The CBN has two short term lending windows for banks, namely the Standing
Lending Facility (SLF) and Repurchase (Repo) lending.

 

While the CBN lends money to banks through the SLF at interest rate of 500
basis points (bpts) above the Monetary Policy Rate (MPR), it also lends
money to banks through Repo arrangement, which involves the purchase of
banks' securities with the agreement to sell back at a specific date and
usually for a higher price.

 

 

On the other hand, the CBN accepts deposits from banks through its Standing
Deposit Facility (SDF) and pays an interest rate of MPR minus 100 bpts.

 

On the other hand, banks' deposits with the apex bank through the SDF fell
MoM by 50 percent to N4.65 trillion in February 2025 from N9.31 trillion in
January 2025.

 

The spike in banks' borrowing from the CBN was triggered by the tight
monetary policy of the apex bank, aimed at curtailing the steady rise in
inflation.

 

But in its recent Monetary Policy Committee, MPC, meeting, the CBN retained
the Monetary Policy Rate, MPR, alongside other monetary corridors after
raising it six consecutive times.

 

Furthermore, the apex bank conducted a liquidity mop up through regular sale
of Open Market Operations, OMO treasury bills (TBs) during the period.

 

Vanguard's findings from the apex bank showed that the CBN sold N1.39
trillion worth of Open Market Operation (OMO) Treasury Bills (TBs) in
February 2025, up 39.5 percent from N1 trillion in January 2025.

 

The scarcity of funds also triggered sharp increases in cost of funds in the
interbank money market, with the average interest rate on Collateralized
(Open Buy Back, OBB) lending at 32.5 per cent at the end of February 2025,
up from 27.5 percent at the end of January 2025.

 

Read the original article on Vanguard.

 

 

 

 

Nigeria, UN Agency Target $500m in Distributed Renewable Energy Fund

Nigeria and a United Nations-backed agency, Sustainable Energy For All
organisation, known as SEforALL, have set a $500 million target for a fund
to finance the roll out of so-called distributed renewable energy, such as
solar home systems and mini-grids.

 

The fund backed by the Nigerian Sovereign Investment Authority (NSIA) will
be managed by Africa50, an infrastructure investor established by the
African Development Bank (AfDB), Bloomberg reported yesterday.

 

Nigerian pension funds will also invest, according to Damilola Ogunbiyi,
SEforALL's Chief Executive Officer.

 

The aim is to put together a "fund that would be accessible and will be in
local currency for local developers," she said in an interview in Cape Town
on the sidelines of a global gathering of development finance institutions.

 

 

The fund is linked to the Mission 300 programme led by the World Bank and
the AfDB to provide electricity to 300 million people in Africa by 2030. The
initiative will provide tens of billions of dollars to countries that meet
certain conditions including reforming power utilities and adapting
regulations to encourage private investment, it said.

 

Africa50's CEO, Alain Ebobisse, said in an interview in January that the
fund was being planned, but the size had yet to be decided.

 

Separately, Africa50 is setting up a $200 million fund to be known as the
Africa Solar Facility, to invest in distributed renewable energy projects
across the continent and sponsored by the International Solar Alliance.

 

Mini-grids and solar home systems are seen as a way of getting electricity
to settlements and rural areas far away from national grids. More than 80
per cent of the people in the world without access to electricity, or 570
million people, live in sub-Saharan Africa, and 86 million of them are in
Nigeria.

 

Read the original article on This Day.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stock markets fall after US tariffs spark trade war fears

Getty Images Traders work on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange during
morning trading on February 03, 2025 in New York CityGetty Images

Stock markets around the world fell following the introduction of tariffs by
President Donald Trump on goods entering the US from China, Canada and
Mexico.

 

Trump has imposed 25% tariffs on imports from Canada and Mexico, and 20%
tariffs against China.

 

Canada and China announced their own import taxes on US goods, while Mexico
said it had "contingency plans", sparking fears of full-blown trade war.

 

The three major stock market indexes in the US sank following the news,
while the FTSE 100 index of the UK's biggest publicly-listed companies
opened sharply lower on Tuesday and stock markets in Asia were also down.

 

 

Analysts have warned tariffs could push up prices for US households and
could also have a knock on effect on consumers across the world, including
the UK.

 

'We'll fight to the bitter end': China hits back at Trump tariffs

 

Trump threatened to impose the tariffs, which are a tax added to a product
when it enters a country - on Canada, Mexico and China in response to what
claims is the unacceptable flow of illegal drugs and illegal immigrants into
the US.

 

But Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau said his country was responsible
for less than 1% of fentanyl entering the US and would retaliate with 25%
tariffs on $150bn worth of US goods.

 

"There is no justification for [the US's] actions...Canada will not let this
unjustified decision go unanswered," Trudeau said in a statement on Monday.

 

He said Canada would first target $30bn worth of products, and target the
remaining $125bn over 21 days.

 

Any fresh duties Canada imposes will be in place "until the US trade action
is withdrawn", he said, adding that his country would pursue "non-tariff
measures" should US tariffs not cease - without specifying what those
measures were.

 

'Trade war'

China swiftly announced its own counter measures, which include 10-15%
tariffs on some US agricultural goods, including wheat, corn, beef and
soybeans. China is the US's biggest buyer of these goods.

 

"If the United States... persists in waging a tariff war, a trade war, or
any other kind of war, the Chinese side will fight them to the bitter end,"
foreign ministry spokesman Lin Jian said.

 

Before the US tariffs on Mexican imports came into force, President Claudia
Sheinbaum said her country had contingency plans.

 

"In this situation, we need composure, serenity, and patience. We have Plan
A, Plan B, Plan C, and even Plan D," she said.

 

Sheinbaum said she would speak more about Mexico's response on Tuesday.

 

 

What are tariffs and why is Trump using them?

Six things that could get more expensive for Americans under Trump tariffs

In the US, the Dow Jones closed 1.5% lower and the S&P 500 ended the day
down 1.8% on Monday, while in Asia on Tuesday, the Nikkei 225 dropped 1.2%
and China's Hang Seng Index was down 0.3%.

 

London's FTSE 100 was lower in early trading while the main stock exchanges
in Germany and France also dipped.

 

Trump has argued tariffs will boost US manufacturing and protect jobs, as
well as raising tax revenues and grow the economy.

 

However, such measures can have detrimental effects on both consumers and
businesses - including the ones they set out to protect.

 

Shoppers can be the ones who bear the bulk of tariffs in the form of higher
prices, if they're passed on, as well as less choice.

 

Meanwhile, tariffs tend to trigger retaliation from targeted countries,
disadvantaging domestic businesses looking to export goods, meaning the
measures can ultimately hold back trade, jobs being created and economic
growth.

 

 

'Global economic risks'

Goods worth some $2bn cross the borders of the US, Canada and Mexico each
day and their economies are deeply integrated.

 

With the introduction of tariffs on that cross-border trade, companies
importing goods might decide to pass on some or all of the extra costs onto
consumers by putting prices up.

 

They could also reduce imports, which would mean fewer products and
therefore higher demand, which could also push up prices.

 

Andrew Wilson, from the International Chamber of Commerce, said: "What we're
seeing is the biggest effective increase in US tariffs since the 1940s -
with severe economic risks attached to that."

 

"The initial market moves are entirely reflective that we're now entering
into a very risky scenario for global trade and for the global economy," he
told BBC Radio 4's Today programme

 

He said Yale University had predicted these measures could cost US
households in the region of $2,000 in this year alone.

 

Price rises

Analysis from TD Economics has suggested cars could go up in price by about
$3,000.

 

That is because parts cross the US, Canadian and Mexican borders multiple
times before a vehicle is assembled.

 

American consumers could also see the price of avocados go up as Mexican
avocados make up nearly 90% of the US avocado market each year.

 

Canada's billion-dollar maple syrup industry accounts for 75% of the world's
entire maple syrup production so US households could see prices for the
sweet treat rise too.

 

Ella Hoxha, head of fixed income at Newton Investment Management, told the
BBC: "In terms of consumers, you're more likely looking at, certainly over
the short term, increases in prices as companies pass some of those prices
onto the consumer."

 

Chris Torrens, vice president of the British Chamber of Commerce in China,
added: "It's a huge challenge for British business because of the historical
links that the UK and the US have. [We are] Seeing what looks like the
dismantling of a transatlantic alliance between the US and Europe.

 

"But, there is a real sense of hope for a stronger UK-China
relationship."-bbc

 

 

 

'I will have to raise prices by 10%' - Toymakers warn of tariff pain

The business of the North American Toy Fair, an annual showcase of the
latest in silly putty, monster trucks and board games, is fun. But this year
at the convention center in New York City, tariffs were killing the vibe.

 

In February, US President Donald Trump raised tariffs on products made in
China by 10%. Then last week, with little warning, he announced an
additional 10% border tax, which has now come into force on Tuesday, along
with tariffs on Mexico and Canada.

 

In the toy industry, which estimates that about 80% of toys sold in the US
are made in China, the rapid-fire announcements have stunned businesses,
leaving them scrambling to figure out how to swallow a sudden 20% rise in
cost.

 

The moves are the first of what Trump has threatened will be far wider
action, making it a preview of the upheaval that could be coming for
companies around the world.

 

 

"It's the first thing we talk about and the last thing we talk about,"
toymaker Jay Foreman said this weekend from his booth at the trade show,
where classic hits such as Lincoln Logs, Tonka Trucks and K'Nex were on
display.

 

His business, Basic Fun!, makes 90% of its products in China and had been
planning to counter the cost of the initial 10% tariff with a mix of higher
prices for customers and lower profits, both for his firm and for his
manufacturing partners.

 

He presented the strategy to his board on Wednesday, ahead of the toy show,
only to have to rip it up the next day, after Trump's later announcement.

 

He will have to shoulder the tariff costs for products headed to stores this
spring, he said, but is now expecting to raise prices for many items by at
least 10% later in the year.

 

"The reality is that tariffs will raise the cost of toys for consumers," he
said. "If a customer says, 'Then I can't buy it', then I can't sell it,
because I can't produce to lose money."

 

Tariffs are a tax on imports collected by the government at the border and
paid for by the companies bringing in the goods.

 

During Trump's first term, China was the main target of the measures, with
more than $360bn worth of products sent to the US getting hit by the
measures.

 

At the time, toys and many other consumer products were spared.

 

But Trump has now applied the duties across the board, hitting almost 15% of
the imports into the US each year.

 

His actions have been overshadowed by tariffs on products made in Mexico and
Canada - America's top two trade partners, which have long operated under a
free trade agreement with the US.

 

And they fall short of the "up to 60%" tariff that Trump called for on the
campaign trail last year.

 

But with the latest move, businesses say the costs are getting too big to
ignore.

 

The average effective tariff rate on imports from China now stands at
roughly 34%, with recent actions amounting to a rise roughly twice as large
as the increase during Trump's first four-year term as president, according
to estimates by Goldman Sachs.

 

 

Yaron Barlev holds a blue and yellow toy bird, standing in front of his
Clixo stand at the New York Toy Fair

Yaron Barlev is not optimistic that the toy industry will be given any
reprieve from the 20% tariffs

"10% - it's something we can somehow live with. 20% is a different ball
game," said Yaron Barlev, chief operating officer of Clixo, a Brooklyn-based
maker of magnetic building toys which started about five years ago and
signed a deal last year to start selling its toys at Target later in 2025.

 

With manufacturing in China now under way to satisfy that order, his firm,
which employs 18 people in the US, is expecting to have to shoulder the
costs of the border duties, scrambling its plans for profits.

 

He said he hoped Trump would offer some kind of reprieve for toys but was
not feeling especially optimistic.

 

"It's much less predictable now than he used to be so I really don't know."

 

 

Trump has said his actions will help boost manufacturing in the US, by
making it less cost-effective to make products overseas.

 

But toymakers like Clixo, which had hoped to do its manufacturing in the US,
say high costs and limited manufacturing capacity in the US make that idea
unrealistic.

 

Meanwhile, a string of weaker economic data has raised concerns that the
uncertainty due to the tariff talk is starting to cause wider economic
paralysis.

 

Basic Fun!, which employs about 165 people and does roughly $200m in sales
each year, had been looking to grow. But with the threat of tariffs bearing
down, Mr Foreman recently put plans for acquisitions on hold, unsure how to
calculate what a business would be worth in such a changeable environment.

 

"[A tariff] sounds good - 'Let's stick it to them!' But the ripple effect is
unbelievable," Mr Forman said.

 

Getty Images A display at the toy fair with people clustered around the
booth from the back and a giant doll with cat earsGetty Images

Tariffs were a major worry for firms at this year's North American Toy Fair

The Toy Association, a business lobby group, says it is trying to make the
case to the White House and Congress that toys should be exempt from
tariffs, as they were before, warning that higher prices won't go unnoticed
by a public already upset by the jump in prices in recent years.

 

President Greg Ahearn said his members are largely small businesses with
profit margins barely as large as the tariffs that are getting under way.

 

"We think we have a very strong point to make and we're hoping they're going
to be open to listening," he said.

 

Ada Luo, sales manager at Wonderful Party, and a male colleague at her booth
at the Toy Fair

Chinese manufacturer Ada Luo says she doesn't have a clue how suppliers and
buyers will cope with 20% tariffs

The Toy Fair is his organisation's marquee event, drawing businesses from
around the world who line New York's convention center with cheerful
displays of blocks, high-contrast baby books and spiky coloured balls. But
worry about tariffs pulsed through the gathering this year.

 

"It's killing our mojo," said Mr Ahearn, noting that it was his members' top
concern.

 

>From their booths, toymakers greeted questions about Trump's moves with head
shakes, grimaces and disbelief.

 

"20% is a lot," said Ada Luo, sales director for Wonderful Party, a
manufacturer in Shenzhen, China, which makes Christmas light necklaces, leis
and New Year's hats. "10% maybe... between the supplier and the buyer we can
share, but 20%? We don't have a clue."-bbc

 

 

 

 

 

Agency workers to get paid if shift cancelled at short notice

Agency workers who choose to be on zero-hour contracts will be eligible for
compensation if their shifts are cancelled or changed at short notice, the
BBC understands.

 

There are around one million agency staff in the UK, working across areas
such as warehouses, in hospitality and within the NHS.

 

The policy comes as part of some 250 additions to the Employment Rights Bill
which are set to be outlined, although the amendment on compensation will
not spell out what "short notice" means.

 

New rules under the bill will also mean that agency workers will have to be
offered a contract guaranteeing a minimum number of hours each week.

 

 

While unions welcomed the inclusion of agency workers in the ban, the
Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC), which represents the sector,
said the change should not "undermine" the "flexibility" that zero-hour
contracts offer some workers.

 

The Labour government pledged last year to ban "exploitative zero-hours
contracts" as part of the Employment Rights Bill.

 

The minimum hours offered in a contract to agency workers will be calculated
according to the average number of hours they normally work.

 

The BBC understands that the government is yet to decide whether this will
be based on a 12-week reference period or longer.

 

Trade unions have been campaigning for agency workers to be included in the
legislative changes to prevent employers getting round the proposed zero
hours rules by hiring agency staff.

 

Paul Novak, general secretary of the Trades Union Congress, said the
government was right to close this "loophole".

 

He said agency workers "make up a significant proportion of the zero-hours
workforce and need protections from bad working practices too".

 

But the REC said it was concerned about the change.

 

Its deputy chief executive, Kate Shoesmith, said people choose agency work
"for the flexibility it provides at a time and stage in their life" and that
the new rules must not undermine that.

 

She added that time should be given "to ensure any legislative changes do
not conflict with existing and hard-won protections for agency workers".

 

The REC would "keep working with the government to ensure that," she said.

 

'Fire and rehire'

Other amendments being tabled are expected to include the doubling of the
penalty imposed on companies that engage in so-called "fire and rehire''
practices.

 

This means that if they fail to properly consult employees before dismissing
and then rehiring them on less favourable terms, they could be forced to pay
the worker 180 days' worth of pay in compensation up from the current 90-day
penalty payment.

 

The amendments also contain a commitment to extend sick pay to workers
earning under £123 a week from the first day of their illness.

 

They will be entitled to 80% of their average weekly earnings or statutory
sick pay - which is currently £116.75 per week – whichever is lowest.

 

Currently, to qualify for statutory sick pay, a worker must have been ill
for three days in a row.

 

There will also be changes to rules around trade union recognition and the
ability of unions to take industrial action.

 

The government is proposing that workers will have to give their employers
10 days' warning of any strike action – rather than the existing 14 days'
notice.

 

Currently, there can be a ballot for union recognition if 10% of the
workforce is a member of a union.

 

The government had been consulting on lowering it to 2% but the proposed
amendment will not state a figure and will simply give the secretary of
state the power to lower the 10% threshold.

 

Mr Novak said the changes were about ''creating a modern economy that works
for workers and business alike'' and that driving up standards "will stop
good employers from being undercut by the bad, and will mean more workers
benefit from a union voice".

 

Several business groups have been critical of the government for not
providing more detail about how the legislation will work in practice.

 

They are unlikely to be satisfied by what is in the amendments.

 

Martin McTague, national chair of the Federation of Small Businesses, said
the majority of the trade association's members were "very concerned" about
the Employment Rights Bill.

 

"Two thirds of small businesses are deciding that they're not going to take
on any future employees. About a third are saying they might reduce their
workforce as a result of these changes," he told the BBC's Today programme.

 

Mr McTague added the key issues with the bill were the government not
helping small businesses to fund sick pay and the changes to day one
dismissal rights.

 

"We're not sort of crying wolf, we're saying these will have really damaging
effects and if the government wants the economy to grow they need small
businesses on their side," he said.-BBC

 

 

 

 

 

 

Trump's tariffs risk economic turbulence - and voter backlash

Donald Trump has been threatening major tariffs on America's two largest
trading partners, Canada and Mexico, for more than a month. It now appears
that the day of reckoning is at hand.

 

The risk for the president is that his sweeping tariffs, which also target
China, may drive up prices for businesses and consumers in the months ahead,
damaging the health of the US economy - the issue that Americans say they
care about most.

 

The economy and inflation was at the top of voter concerns last November –
concerns Trump promised to address as he stormed back to the White House,
partly on the back of lingering discontent about soaring prices early in the
Biden presidency.

 

Trump can comfortably boast that he has delivered many of his most striking
campaign promises – including slashing federal jobs, stepping up immigration
enforcement and recognising two sexes only.

 

But on inflation, the new Trump administration has made little tangible
progress. Sky-high egg prices have been a daily reminder. And while the mass
culling of chickens in response to bird flu has played a major role, the
cost of the daily staple for many Americans has kept inflation front and
centre in voters' minds.

 

 

As Trump confirmed on Monday that 25% tariffs on Canadian and Mexican-made
goods would indeed be coming into effect, US stock markets took their
biggest hit of the year, providing an early indication of the economic
turbulence his policies could create. And Trump's tariffs on Mexican food
imports, in particular, could hit Americans where they feel it the most – in
higher prices at the grocery store.

 

According to a CBS survey conducted last week, 82% of Americans say they
think the economy should be a "high" priority for the president. Only 30%
said that about tariffs.

 

Only 36% of respondents think Trump is prioritising the economy "a lot" –
compared to 68% for tariffs. Just 29% believe Trump is prioritising
inflation. Views on the state of the economy remain generally dour, as 60%
said it is "bad", compared to 58% who had the same view last year.

 

Public opinion of Trump's handling of the economy as a whole is within the
margin of error on the survey, with 51% approving. That exactly matches his
overall job rating, suggesting that the fate of this president, like those
of his predecessors, will hinge on the strength of the economy.

 

According to Clifford Young, president of public affairs at polling company
Ipsos, Trump is still in the honeymoon period of his presidency, when
Americans will give him room to manoeuvre.

 

Typically, he said, this benefit of the doubt for a new president lasts
about six months – but that can be cut short if the economy suffers some
kind of dramatic shift. Trump argues that his tariffs will boost US
manufacturing, raise tax revenue and spur investment – but most economists
say that prices for Americans are likely to rise, potentially in a similar
timeframe.

 

On Tuesday night, in a primetime speech to a joint session of Congress,
Trump will have a chance to make the case that the short-term pain of his
tariff plan will lead to long-term benefits. It's his chance to convince the
American public to keep his honeymoon going.

 

"I'd be interested to see how he links government efficiency to the economy,
global tariffs to the economy, even immigration to the economy," said Young.
"Ideally, he would make an argument that all these different things he's
doing are ultimately done with the view of improving the economy."

 

The challenge for the president is there are some indications that doubts
about the economy are growing, along with warning signs of other challenges
to come.

 

A survey of public and private businesses released last week by the
Conference Board, a non-partisan economic research group, found a
precipitous drop in consumer confidence – the largest decline since August
2021. The souring mood among US consumers was largely attributed to concerns
over inflation and economic disruptions caused by rising tariffs.

 

Inflation, as measured by the Consumer Price Index, rose 3% in January,
marking a six-month high. The public appears to agree, as the CBS poll found
62% of Americans reporting that prices have been "going up" in the past few
weeks.

 

White House officials privately insist that administration efforts to cut
government costs, reduce regulation and boost energy production will
ultimately lead to lower prices even in the face of higher tariffs – but
that such efforts take time to produce results.

 

In a television interview on Sunday, Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent said
Trump plans to appoint an "affordability tsar" to address the concerns of
"working-class Americans".

 

"President Trump said that he'll own the economy in six or 12 months,"
Bessent said, suggesting that former President Joe Biden was to blame for
the current conditions.

 

"But I can tell you that we are working to get these prices down every day."

 

While Tuesday's speech is not a formal State of the Union address, Trump can
talk about what he is doing – and will do – to address these voter concerns.

 

Any missteps could give Democrats, who have been struggling to find an
effective line of attack against the new president, an opening. Their choice
of rebuttal speaker, newly elected Senator Elissa Slotkin from the
trade-dependent industrial Midwestern state of Michigan, suggest they are
keen to focus on economic issues.

 

At the moment, Trump is at the height of his political power. Now, he
appears willing to use that power to change the way the US conducts trade
policy – an issue that has animated him for more than four decades.

 

But American history books are lined with the names of presidents felled by
souring public perceptions of the economy.

 

Some financial disruptions are entirely out of a White House's control. With
his tariff decision, however, Trump is making a high-stakes bet that the
American public will ultimately approve of his decisions.

 

If he's right, the payoff could be a generational political realignment on
this issue.

 

If he's wrong, it could undercut the second term of his presidency before it
even gets fully underway.-bbc

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 


 


 


 Invest Wisely!

Bulls n Bears 

 

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